ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
تغذیه زنبورعسل (Apis mellifera) با منابع پروتئینی تخمیرشده
عباس رضایی1، غلامعلی نهضتی پاقلعه2 1- دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم دامی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران- کرج 2- استادیار گروه علوم دامی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران- کرج چکیده: با توجه به اینکه زنبورعسل عمده گرده مورد نیاز را به صورت تخمیرشده مصرف می کند و تخمیر در مواردی باعث بهبود مواد غذایی می شود، به همین منظور ارزیابی اثرات تغذیهای جیره های تخمیر شده به عنوان مکمل پروتئینی بر روی میزان پروتئین لاشه و پرورش نوزاد کلنی، آزمایشی باجیرههای غذایی مختلف و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در 6 تیمار با 7 تکراربه مدت 50 روز در صحرا بر روی زنبورعسل (Apis mellifera) در منطقه کرج انجام گرفت. کلنیها از نظر عسل، جمعیت و ملکه خواهری هم سن، یکسان سازی گردیدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارتند از: 1-گلوتن ذرت تخمیرشده2- گلوتن ذرت معمولی3- سویا تخمیرشده4-سویا معمولی5-گرده مخلوط 6- شربت شکر ، البته تیمارهای گرده و شربت شکر بعنوان شاهد در نظر گرفته شدند. .در مقایسه میانگین پرورش نوزاد بین تیمارها اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده گردید(05/0P<)، تیمار گلوتن تخمیری و سویا به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان پرورش نوزاد را داشته اند.. در مقایسه میانگین پروتئین لاشه بین تیمارها هیچ اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نگردید(05/0P>).با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده ،تخمیر مواد غذایی باعث افزایش پرورش نوزاد شده و لذا در تغذیه تکمیلی زنبورعسل بهتر است به جای استفاده از مواد معمولی از تخمیر شده آن ها استفاده نمود.
https://hbsj.areeo.ac.ir/article_101572_9bd461a03d374baf482bdd4f0377f7aa.pdf
2015-01-21
3
7
منابع:
1
1- بابایی، س. 1379. اثرات تغذیه ای سطوح مختلف جلبک کلرلا به عنوان مکمل پروتئینی بر روی مصرف غذا، میران تخم، لارو، شفیره، ذخیره گرده، جمعیت کلنی، چربی، پروتئین و وزن لاشه، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران.
2
2- جواهری،س. د. 1374 . بررسی تغذیه تحریکی زنبوران عسل با مکمل و جایگزینهای گرده و اثر آن ها در رشد و مقاومت کلنی و تولید عسل،پایان نامه دوره کارشناسی ارشد علوم دامی ، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران.
3
3- عباسیان، ع. ر. 1376 . تاًثیر منابع پروتئینی مختلف بر میزان ماده خشک، پروتئین،چربی لاشه و طول عمر زنبور عسل، خلاصه مقالات سمینار پژوهشی زنبور عسل.
4
4- .فرجی، س. 1379. بررسی تغذیه زنبورعسل از شکر تصفیه نشده روی برخی از فعالیت های بیولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی آن، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی.
5
5- نهضتی، غ. 1387. مطالعه هضم چند مکمل پروتئینی در زنبورعسل، رساله دوره دکتری علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران.
6
6- Alqarni, A. S. 2006. Influence of some protein diets on the longevity and some physiological conditions of Honeybees Apis mellifera L. workers , J. Biol. Sci. 6, 734-737.
7
7- Degrandi-Hoffman, G., Wardell, G., Ahumada-Sehura, F., Rinderer, T., Danka, R., Pettis, J., 2008. Comparisons of pollen substitute diets for honey bees: consumption rates by colonies and effects on brood and adult populations. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World, 47, 265-270.
8
8- Doull, K. M . 1977. Supplementary feeding of honeybees. Technical Accommodation, Beekeeping Technology and Equipment Standing Commission. Bucharest: Apimondia.
9
9- Ellis, A and Hayes, G. W, 2009. An evaluation of fresh versus fermented diets for honeybees ( Apis mellifera). J. Api.Research.48(3).
10
10- Hang,Z.2010.HoneyBeeNutrition.http://www.extension.org/pages/Honey_Bee_Nutritin.
11
11- Haydak, M. H. 1970. Honeybee nutrition, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 15, 143-156.
12
12- Herbert. E. H, J.H.S. 1978. Chemical copmosition and nutritive value of bee-collected and bee-stored pollen. Apidologie. 9(1): p. 33-40.
13
13- Hoover, S. E., Higo, H. A.,Winston, M. L. 2006.Worker honeybee ovary development: seasonal variation and the influence of larval and adult nutrition, J. Comp. Physiol. B 176, 55-63.
14
14- Johansson, T.S.K., and M.P. Johansson, 1977.Feeding honey bees pollen and pollen substitutes. Bee world. 85: 105-118, 135:161-164.
15
15- Moritz, B and K.Crailshiem,1987.Physiology of protein digestion in the midgut of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).J. Insect Physiol. Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 923-931.
16
16- Pernal, S. F. and R.W. Currie, 2000. Pollen Quality of fresh and 1-year-old single pollen diets for worker honey bees(Apis mellifera L).Apidologie 31: 387-409.
17
17- Somerville, D. 2005. Fat Bees, Skinny Bees, a manual on honeybee nutrition for beekeeper, RIRDC Puplication No 05/054, Goulburn, Australia.
18
18- Somerville, D.,2000.Honeybee nutrition and supplementary feeding. NSW. Agriculture (agonte) Goulburn.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
میاز ناشی از سنوتینیا تریکوسپیس در زنبوران عسل ایرانی
برخی از مگس ها قادر به ایجاد پدیده میاز می باشند. سنوتینیا تریکوسپیس میگن، مگسی از خانواده سارکوفاژیده می باشد که به خوبی بعنوان یکی از انگل های داخلی بدن زنبور عسل بعنوان عامل میاز شناخته شده و گاهی می تواند مشکلات جدی برای زنبورها ایجاد نماید. در بررسی حاضر، زنبورهای عسل یک زنبورستان در منطقه رشتخوار استان خراسان رضوی در ماه شهریور مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پس از مشاهده تعدادی لاروهای کوچک در روی بدن زنبورها20 کندو به صورت تصادفی انتخاب گردید. سینه20 عدد زنبور از هر کندو بطور جداگانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تعدادی لارو مگس در مرحله سوم بر روی سطح داخلی بدن وداخل بخش های پشتی قدامی عضلات سینه دیده شد که بر اساس ریخت شناسی و با استفاده از کلید تشخیص این لاروها مربوط به مگس سنوتینیا تریکوسپیس میگن تشخیص داده شدند. لازم به ذکر است که این اولین گزارش از حضور آپی میازیس ناشی از مگس فوق در ایران می باشد.
https://hbsj.areeo.ac.ir/article_101573_64eb8523779d8f65037da897df65922f.pdf
2015-01-21
8
12
میاز زنبور عسل - سنوتینیا تریکوسپیس میگن- ایران
منابع :
1
1- Al-Ghzawi, A. A. M. A., Zaitoun, S. T., & Shannag, H. K. (2009). Incidence and geographical distribution of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) pests in Jordan. Ann. soc. entomol. Fr, 45(3), 305-308.
2
2- Bermejo , F. O., Megías, A. G., & Fernández, P. G. (1996). Prevalence of parasitization by Diptera in Apis mellifera L in southern Spain. Apidologie, 27(6), 467-471.
3
3- Boiko AK (1958). Senotaniosis (apimyiasis) of bees.Proc XVII Int Beekeeping Congr 24-25
4
4- Boiko AK (1959) Methods of controlling Senotainia infestation of bees (in Russian). Pchelovodstvo 3, 40-45
5
5- Giordani, G. (1 956). Contributo alla conoscenza della“Senotainia tricuspis” Meig., dittero sarcofagide,Bolletino dell’lstituto di Entomologia dellaUniversiti degli Studidi Bologna, 21 : 61 -84.
6
6- Giordani G (1955) Contributo alla conoscenza della Senotainia tricuspis Meig, dittero sarcofagide,endoparassita dell’ape domestica. Boll Istit EntomolUniv Bologna 21, 61-84
7
7- Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey bee pests, predators, and diseases. Comstock Publishing Associates a division of Cornell University Press Ithaca and London.
8
8- Piazza, M. G., & Marinelli, E. (2000). Investigation on the presence in Latium of Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen)(Diptera Sarcophagidae),endoparasitoid of Apis mellifera L. Redia, 83, 111-122.
9
9- Pires, S. M. A., Cadavez, V., Valério, M. J. 2011. Prevalence and geographical distributionof Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen). In: Diagnosis and control of bee diseases OIESymposium, September 19 and 20, 2011, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
10
10- Pires, S., Cadavez, V., & Valério, M. J. (2011). Prevalence and geographical distribution of Senotainia tricuspis (Meigen).
11
11- Rocha MT, Mira Delgado L (1986) Senotainia tricuspisem Portugal. Rep Trab LNIV, 18, 67-70
12
12- Simintzis, G. (1949). Les larves de dipteres du genre Senotainia tricuspis, parasites thoraciquesinternes de Revue FranGaise d‘Apiculture, 12: 13-1 6.
13
13- Simintzis, G. (1958). Pouvoir pathogene du Seotainia tricuspis Meg, pour les abeilles domestiques ( The strength of Senotainia tricuspis Meig. As a disease vector for honey bees0. Revue de Medicine Veterinaire 134: 919-940.
14
14- Simintzis G, Fiasson S (1951) Les Myiases des Abeillesen France. Rev Méd Vétér 102, 351-361
15
15- Zumpt F, (1965). Myiasis in man and animals in the old world, A textbook for physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists, London Butterworths
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کاربرد فرآورده های زنبور عسل در پزشکی
سعید عباسی*- غلامعلی نهضتی گروه علوم دامی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران *نویسنده مسئول: Saeedabbasi@ut.ac.ir چکیده استفاده از محصولات زنبور عسل در پزشکی به خصوص عسل به هزاران سال پیش بر میگردد که در مصر باستان، یونان و چین از آن استفاده میشده است. در بسیاری از کتب مذهبی مانند ودا، انجیل و قرآن، برای عسل قدرت دارویی و خواص تغذیه ای ذکر شده است. خواص دارویی موم و بره موم از دیرباز مطرح بوده و ژل رویال و زهر زنبور عسل نیز در سال های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. ترکیباتی مانند عسل، گرده و ژل رویال از نقطه نظر تامین نیازهای غذایی نیز اهمیت ویژه ای دارند. در ارتباط با استفاده از تولیدات زنبور عسل در پزشکی مدرن بایستی توجه داشت که قدرت درمانی فرآورده های زنبور عسل متنوع می باشد، فرآورده های زنبور عسل دارای خواصی هستند که مواد سنتتیک ندارند و برخلاف مواد سنتتیک دارای اثرات جانبی نمیباشند. امروزه با افزایش سطح دانش عمومی استفاده از فرآورده های زنبور عسل افزایش خواهد یافت.
https://hbsj.areeo.ac.ir/article_101574_a91cb6ce9677eac443941b26a6aebaea.pdf
2015-01-21
13
19
زنبور عسل
گرده
ژل رویال
بره موم
پزشکی
منابع
1
1. Leung, R., Ho, A., Chan, J., Choy, D., Lai, C., (1997) Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 27, 333-336.
2
2. Mateescu, C., (2011) Bee products–legal status health claims to be evaluated by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 1133-1140.
3
3. Bankova, V., Popova, M., Trusheva, B.,( 2007) Plant origin of propolis: latest developments and importance for research and medicinal use. Apicultura-De la stiinta la agribusiness si apiterapie, Editura Academic Pres, 40-46.
4
4. Galati, G., Teng, S., Moridani, M.Y., Chan, T.S., O'Brien, P.J., (2000) Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug metabolism and drug interactions 17, 311-349.
5
5. Swellam, T., Miyanaga, N., Onozawa, M., Hattori, K., Kawai, K., Shimazui, T., Akaza, H., (2003) Antineoplastic activity of honey in an experimental bladder cancer implantation model: in vivo and in vitro studies. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 10, 213-219.
6
6. Molan, P.C., (2006) The evidence supporting the use of honey as a wound dressing. The international journal of lower extremity wounds 5, 40-54.
7
7. Lusby, P.E., Coombes, A.L., Wilkinson, J.M., (2005) Bactericidal activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria. Archives of medical research 36, 464-467.
8
8. Bardy, J., Slevin, N.J., Mais, K.L., Molassiotis, A., (2008) A systematic review of honey uses and its potential value within oncology care. Journal of clinical nursing 17, 2604-2623.
9
9. Jull, A.B., Rodgers, A., Walker, N., (2008) Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 4.
10
10. Gethin, G., Cowman, S., (2008) Bacteriological changes in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with manuka honey or hydrogel: an RCT. Journal of wound care 17, 241-247.
11
11. Subrahmanyam, M., Sahapure, A., Nagane, N., Bhagwat, V., Ganu, J., (2001) Effects of topical application of honey on burn wound healing. Age (yr) 26, 25.22-22.
12
12. Almeida-Muradian, L., Pamplona, L.C., Coimbra, S.l., Barth, O.M., (2005) Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of food composition and analysis 18, 105-111.
13
13. Carpes, S.T., Begnini, R., Alencar, S.M.d., Masson, M.L., (2007) Study of preparations of bee pollen extracts, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Ciência e agrotecnologia 31, 1818-1825.
14
14. Becker, H., Ebeling, L., (1988) Conservative Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) with Cernilton®-Results of a Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Study. Flower Pollen Extract and its Effect for Prostate Health.
15
15. Dutkiewicz, S., (1996) Usefulness of Cernilton in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. International urology and nephrology 28, 49-53.
16
16. Elist, J., (2006) Effects of pollen extract preparation Prostat/Poltit on lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Urology 67, 60-63.
17
17. Hayashi, J., Mitsui, H., Yamakawa, G., Suga, A., Kai, A., Shimabukuro, T., Yanagi, K., Fujisawa, S., Takihara, H., Kaneda, Y., (1986) Clinical evaluation of Cernilton in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica 32, 135-141.
18
18. Münstedt, K., Bargello, M., Hauenschild, A., (2009) Royal jelly reduces the serum glucose levels in healthy subjects. Journal of Medicinal food 12, 1170-1172.
19
19. Murakami, M., Tsukada, O., Okihara, K., Hashimoto, K., Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, H., (2008) Beneficial effect of honeybee-collected pollen lump extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food science and technology research 14, 306-310.
20
20. Wilt, T., Ishani, A., MacDonald, R., Stark, G., Mulrow, C., Lau, J., (1999) Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane database of systematic reviews 3.
21
21. Ludyanskii, E., (1994) Apitherapy 1231. Poligrafist Vologda, Russia.
22
22. Basim, E., Basim, H., Özcan, M., (2006) Antibacterial activities of Turkish pollen and propolis extracts against plant bacterial pathogens. Journal of Food Engineering 77, 992-996.
23
23. LeBlanc, B.W., Davis, O.K., Boue, S., DeLucca, A., Deeby, T., (2009) Antioxidant activity of Sonoran Desert bee pollen. Food chemistry 115, 1299-1305.
24
24. Abdelhafiz, A.T., Muhamad, J.A., (2008) Midcycle pericoital intravaginal bee honey and royal jelly for male factor infertility. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 101, 146-149.
25
25. Guo, H., Saiga, A., Sato, M., Miyazawa, I., Shibata, M., Takahata, Y., Morimatsu, F., (2007) Royal jelly supplementation improves lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 53, 345-348.
26
26. Tamura, T., Fujii, A., Kuboyama, N., (1985) Effects of royal jelly on experimental transplantable tumours, In: U: The XXXth International Apicultural Congress, p. 16.
27
27. Hartwich, A., Legutko, J., Wszołek, J., (1999) Propolis: its properties and administration to patients treated for some surgical diseases. Przeglad lekarski 57, 191-194.
28
28. Gregory, S.R., Piccolo, N., Piccolo, M.T., Piccolo, M.S., Heggers, J.P., (2002) Comparison of propolis skin cream to silver sulfadiazine: a naturopathic alternative to antibiotics in treatment of minor burns. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 8, 77-83.
29
29. Więckiewicz, W., Miernik, M., Więckiewicz, M., Morawiec, T., (2013) Does propolis help to maintain oral health? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
30
30. Hayacibara, M.F., Koo, H., Rosalen, P.L., Duarte, S., Franco, E.M., Bowen, W.H., Ikegaki, M., Cury, J.A., (2005) In vitro and in vivo effects of isolated fractions of Brazilian propolis on caries development. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101, 110-115.
31
31. Santos, F., Bastos, E., Maia, A., Uzeda, M., Carvalho, M., Farias, L., Moreira, E., (2003) Brazilian propolis: physicochemical properties, plant origin and antibacterial activity on periodontopathogens. Phytotherapy Research 17, 285-289.
32
32. Sílící, S., Koc, A., Mistik, S., (2007) Comparsion of in vitro activities of antifungal drugs and propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Annals of microbiology 57, 269-272.
33
33. Koo, H., Cury, J.A., Rosalen, P.L., Ambrosano, G., MB, a.u., Ikegaki, M., Park, Y.K., (2002) Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation. Caries Research 36, 445-448.
34
34. Martínez, S.G., Gou, G.A., Oña, T.R., Palmer, O.M., Falcón, C.M., (1987) Preliminary study of the effects of propolis in the treatment of chronic gingivitis and oral ulceration. Revista cubana de estomatologia 25, 36-44.
35
35. Samet, N., Laurent, C., Susarla, S.M., Samet-Rubinsteen, N., (2007) The effect of bee propolis on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a pilot study. Clinical oral investigations 11, 143-147.
36
36. Tikhonov, A., Yarnich, T., Cernich, V., Zupanetz, I., Tichonov, C., (1998) Theory and practice of the production of medical preparations on the basis of propolis. Osnova Harkov.
37
37. Murtaza, G., Karim, S., Akram, M.R., Khan, S.A., Azhar, S., Mumtaz, A., Bin Asad, M.H., (2014) Caffeic acid phenethyl ester and therapeutic potentials. BioMed research international 2014, 145342.
38
38. Omene, C., Kalac, M., Wu, J., Marchi, E., Frenkel, K., O'Connor, O.A., (2013) Propolis and its Active Component, Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE), Modulate Breast Cancer Therapeutic Targets via an Epigenetically Mediated Mechanism of Action. Journal of cancer science & therapy 5, 334-342.
39
39. Ozturk, G., Ginis, Z., Akyol, S., Erden, G., Gurel, A., Akyol, O.,( 2012) The anticancer mechanism of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): review of melanomas, lung and prostate cancers. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 16, 2064-2068.
40
40. Son, D.J., Lee, J.W., Lee, Y.H., Song, H.S., Lee, C.K., Hong, J.T., (2007) Therapeutic application of anti-arthritis, pain-releasing, and anti-cancer effects of bee venom and its constituent compounds. Pharmacology & therapeutics 115, 246-270.
41
41. Mirshafiey, A., (2007) Venom therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 53, 353-361.
42
42. Choi, K.E., Hwang, C.J., Gu, S.M., Park, M.H., Kim, J.H., Park, J.H., Ahn, Y.J., Kim, J.Y., Song, M.J., Song, H.S., Han, S.B., Hong, J.T.,( 2014)Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory Effect of Bee Venom via Increase of Death Receptor 3 Expression and Inactivation of NF-kappa B in NSCLC Cells. Toxins 6, 2210-2228.
43
43. Liu, X., Chen, D., Xie, L., Zhang, R., (2002) Effect of honey bee venom on proliferation of K1735M2 mouse melanoma cells in‐vitro and growth of murine B16 melanomas in‐vivo. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 54, 1083-1089.
44
44. Oršolić, N., Šver, L., Bendelja, K., Bašić, I., (2001) Antitumor activity of bee venom. Periodicum Biologorum 103, 49-54.
45
45. Oršolić, N., Šver, L., Verstovšek, S., Terzić, S., Bašić, I., (2003) Inhibition of mammary carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo by bee venom. Toxicon 41, 861-870.
46
46. McDonald, J.A., Li, F.P., Mehta, C.R., (1979) Cancer mortality among beekeepers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 21, 811-813.
47
47. Bogdanov, S., (2004) Beeswax: quality issues today. Molecular Ecology 10, 2095-2099.
48
48. Anilakumar, K., Krishna, K., Chandramohan, G., Khanum, F., Bawa, A., (2006) Bees wax polyphenols as suppressor of CC1-induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology 51, 361-367.
49
49. Lee, W. R., Kim, S. J., Park, J. H., Kim, K.H., Chang, Y. C., Park, Y. Y., Lee, K. G., Han, S. M., Yeo, J. H., Pak, S.C., (2010) Bee venom reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation via anti-inflammatory mechanism. The American journal of Chinese medicine 38, 1077-1092.
50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
تغییر اقلیم و گرده افشان ها
نویسنده: Dharam P. Abrol فصل پانزدهم از کتاب: Pollination Biology خدیجه مداحی دانشجوی دکتری گیاهپزشکی- حشرهشناسی کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان Kh.madahi@yahoo.com چکیده: این فصل توصیف میکند که چگونه تغییر شرایط اقلیمی شدیدترین تهدید بالقوه در تنوع زیستی گردهافشانها به شمار میرود. شواهد فزایندهای نشان میدهد که تاکنون پاسخهای زیستی در برابر تغییراقلیمی به نسبت ناچیز ارایه شده دراین قرن، رخ داده است. گرده افشانهایی مثل پرندگان، زنبورها، پروانهها، شب پرهها، مگسها، سخت بالپوشان، خفاشها و حتی پشهها برای تولید غذا ضروری هستند زیرا باعث انتقال گرده بین گیاهان بذری و تاثیر 35 درصدی در تولید محصولات کشاورزی جهان می شوند. گردهافشانها ضمن خدمت اساسی به انسانها، در حفظ سایر خدمات اکوسیستم مثل تضمین تنوع زیستی و کمک به طبیعت در تنظیم تهدیدهای خارجی مانند تغییر اقلیمی نیز نقش کلیدی دارند. بحران گردهافشانی که در کاهش زنبورهای عسل و زنبورهای بومی جهان مشهود است از اختلال در تعادل اساسی بین دو موجود دارای برهمکنش دو جانبه ناشی شده است. به طور گسترده انتظار می رود که تغییر اقلیمی ناشی ازفعالیت انسانی با اختلال در بقا و تولیدمثل افراد، کاهش میزان یا دسترسی به زیستگاه مناسب یا حذف سایر گونههای مورد نیاز برای گونه مورد بررسی، منجر به انقراض گونهها شود. اختلال بالقوه موجود در برهمکنش دو جانبه فراگیر در زیستگاههای خاکی بین گیاهان و گردهافشانهای جانوری آنها، از طریق تغییر اقلیم در معرض خطر است.
https://hbsj.areeo.ac.ir/article_101575_91d53067bbb027a17946e3b3340ec863.pdf
2015-01-21
20
46
منابع
1
Abrol DP (1988) Environmental factors influencing pollination activity of Apis mellifera L. on Brassica campestris L. var toria. J Indian Inst Sci (Biol Sci) 68:49–52
2
Abrol DP (1991) Conservation of pollinators for promotion of agricultural production in India. J Anim Morphol Physiol 38(1/2):123–139
3
Abrol DP (1993) Insect pollination and crop production in Jammu and Kashmir. Curr Sci 65:265–269
4
Abrol DP (2007) Honeybee and rapeseed – a pollinator plant interaction. In: Dr Gupta SK (ed) Advances in botanical research: rapeseed breeding, vol 45. Elsevier, London, pp 339–367
5
Abrol D (2008) Bees and beekeeping in India, 2nd edn. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 720p
6
Allen-Wardell G, Bernhardt P, Bitner R, Burquez A, Buchmann S, Cane J, Cox PA, Dalton V, Feinsinger P, Ingram M, Inouye D, Jones CE, Kennedy K, Kevan P, Koopowitz H, Medellin R, Medellin-Morales S, Nabhan GP, Pavlik B, Tepedino V, Torchio P, Walker S (1998) The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conserv Biol 12(1):8–17
7
Attri SD (2001) Status of climate change in India. In: Dash SK, Rao P (eds) Assessment climate change in India and mitigation policies. WWF, New Delhi, pp 10–17
8
Balling RC, Cerveny RS (1998) Weekly cycles of air pollutants, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal NW Atlantic region. Nature 394:561–563
9
Banaszak J (1995) Changes in fauna of wild bees in Europe. Pedagogical University, BydgoszczBazzaz FA (1998) Tropical forests in a future climate: changes in the biological diversity and impact on the global carbon cycle. Clim Chang 39:317–336
10
Bazzaz F, Sombroek W (eds) (1996) Global climate change and agricultural production. Direct and indirect effects of changing hydrological, pedological and plant physiological processes. FAO/Wiley, Rome/Baffins Lane
11
Bellarby J, Foereid B, Hastings A, Smith P (2008) Cool farming: climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam
12
Benedek P (1996) Structure and density of lucerne pollinating wild bee populations as affected by changing agriculture. Acta Hortic 437:353–357
13
Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, Ohlemüller R, Edwards M, Peeters T, Schaffers AP, Potts SG, Kleukers R, Thomas CD, Settele J, Kunin WE (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313(5785): 351–354
14
Bryant SR, Thomas CD, Bale JS (1997) Nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies: temperature, development and distribution. Ecol Entomol 22:390–398
15
Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, DC
16
Cane JH (2001) Habitat fragmentation and native bees: a premature verdict? Conserv Ecol 5(1):3
17
Corbet SA, Williams IH, Osborne JL (1991) Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 72:47–59
18
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1987) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
19
Costanza R, d’ Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B et al (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
20
Cowley MJR, Thomas CD, Thomas JA, Warren MS (1999) Flight areas of British butterflies: assessing species status and decline. Proc R Soc Lond B 266:1587–1592
21
Currie DJ (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal and plant species richness. Am Nat 137:27–49
22
Currie DJ, Kerr JT, Francis AP (1999) Some general propositions about the study of spatial patterns of species richness. Ecoscience 6:392–399
23
Day MC (1991) Towards the conservation of Aculeate Hymenoptera in Europe. Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats, Nature and Environment Series 51. Council of Europe Press, Strasbourg
24
Falk S (1991) A review of scarce and threatened bees, wasp and ants of Great Britain. Research and survey in nature conservation no 35, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK
25
Fitter AH, Fitter RSR (2002) Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science 296:1689–1691
26
Fleishman EG, Austin T, Weiss AD (1998) An empirical test of Rapoport’s rule: elevational gradients in montane butterfly communities. Ecology 79:2482–2493
27
Fraser RH (1998) Vertebrate species richness at the mesoscale: relative roles of energy and heterogeneity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 7:215–220
28
Free JB (1993) Insect pollination of crops. Academic, London, 684 pp
29
Gallai N, Sallas JM, Settele J, Vaissiere BE (2008) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol Econ 68:810–821
30
Gärdenfors U (ed) (2000) Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2000 – the 2000 red list of Swedish species. ArtDatabanken SLU, Uppsala, 397 pp
31
Ghazoul J (2005) Buzziness as usual? questioning the global pollination crisis. Trends Ecol Evol 20(7):15–17
32
Gillette DD, Kimbrough JD (1970) Chiropteran mortality. In: Slaughter BH, Walton DW (eds) About bats: a chiropteran biology symposium. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, pp 262–283, 339 pp
33
Hajjar R, Jarvis DI, Gemmill-Herren B (2008) The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agric Ecosys Environ 123:261–270
34
Harrison RD (2000) Repercussions of El Nin˜o: drought causes extinction and the breakdown of mutualism in Borneo. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:911–915
35
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) (2008) Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion Euros. Ecological economics, Press release, 15 Sept 2008
36
Hill JK, Thomas CD, Fox R, Telfer MG, Willis SG, Asher J, Huntley B (2002) Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future changes. Proc R Soc Lond B 269:2163–2171
37
Hughes MJ (1996) Commercial rearing of bumblebees. In: Matheson A (ed) Bumblebees for pleasure and profit. International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, pp 40–47
38
Ingram M, Nabhan G, Stephen B (1996) Our forgotten pollinators: protecting the birds and bees. Glob Pest Campaign 6(4):123–125
39
Inouye DW (2000) The ecological and Evolutionary significance of frost in the context of climate change. Ecol Lett 3(5):457–463
40
Inouye DW (2008) Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers. Ecology 89:353–362
41
Inouye D, Barr B (2006) Consequences of abrupt climate change for hibernating animals and perennial wildflowers at high altitude in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. In: Price MF (ed) Global change in mountain regions. Sapiens Publishing, London, pp 166–168
42
Inouye DW, Wielgolaski FE (2003) Phenology of high-altitude climates. In: Schwartz MD (ed) Phenology: an integrative environmental science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 195–214
43
Inouye DW, Barr WA, Armitage KB, Inouye BD (2000) Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97(4):1630–1633
44
Inouye DW, Morales M, Dodge G (2002) Variation in timing and abundance of flowering by Delphinium barbeyi Huth (Ranunculaceae): the roles of snowpack, frost, and La Niña, in the context of climate change. Oecologia 130:543–550
45
Inouye DW, Saavedra F, Lee-Yang W (2003) Environmental influences on the phenology and abundance of flowering by Androsace septentrionalis L. (Primulaceae). Am J Bot 90(6): 905–910
46
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: synthesis report. In: Pachauri RK, Reisinger A (eds) Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team]. IPCC, Geneva, 104 pp
47
Kearns CA, Inouye DW, Waser NM (1998) Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 29:83–112
48
Kerr JT (1999) Weak links: “Rapoport’s rule” and large-scale species richness patterns. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 8:47–54
49
Kerr JT (2001) Butterfly species richness patterns in Canada: energy, heterogeneity and the potential consequences of climate change. Conserv Ecol 5:1–18
50
Kerr JT, Packer L (1997) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high energy regions. Nature 385:252–254
51
Kerr JT, Packer L (1998) The impact of climate change on mammal diversity in Canada. Environ Model Assess 49:263–270
52
Kerr JT, Packer L (1999) Epicauta species richness patterns in North America: the importance of energy. Biodivers Conserv 8:617–628
53
Kerr JT, Vincent RL, Currie DJ (1998) Determinants of Lepidoptera richness in North America. Ecoscience 5:448–453
54
Kerr JT, Sugar A, Packer L (2000) Indicator taxa, rapid biodiversity assessment, and nestedness in an endangered ecosystem. Conserv Biol 14:1726–1734
55
Kevan PG, Phillips T (2001) The economics of pollinator declines: assessing the consequences. Conserv Ecol 5(1):8
56
Klein AM, Vaissie`re BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C et al (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc R Soc Lond B 274:303–313
57
Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW (2000) Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. PNAS 99:16812–16816
58
Kukal O, Ayres MP, Scriber JM (1991) Cold tolerance of the pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies. Can J Zool 69:3028–3037
59
Luig J, Maavara V (1998) Kiletiivalised, Hymenoptera. – Rmt: V.Lilleleht (koostaja). Eesti Punane Raamat. Ohustatud seened taimed ja loomad, lk. 103–106
60
McLaughlin J et al (2002) Climate change hastens population extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(9):6070–6074
61
Memmott J, Craze PG, Waser NM, Price MV (2007) Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecol Lett 10:710–717
62
Menzel A, Fabian P (1999) Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397:659
63
Mikkola K (1997) Population trends of Finnish Lepidoptera during 1961–1996. Entomol Fennica 8:121–143
64
Miller-Rushing Abraham J, Katsuki T, Primack RB, Ishii Y, Lee SD, Higuchi H (2007) Impact of global warming on a group of related species and their hybrids: cherry tree (Rosaceae) flowering at Mt. Takao, Japan. Am J Bot 94:1470–1478
65
Moza MK, Bhatnagar AK (2007) Plant reproductive biology studies crucial for conservation. Curr Sci 92(9):1206–1207
66
Myers N (1992) Synergisms: joint effects of climate change and other forms of habitat destruction. In: Peters RL, Lovejoy TE (eds) Global warming and biological diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 344–354
67
Nabhan GP, Buchmann SL (1997) Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily GC (ed) Nature’s services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 133–150
68
O’Toole C (1994) Who cares for solitary bees? In: Metheson A (ed) Forage for bees in an agricultural landscape. International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, pp 47–56
69
Osborne JL, Williams IH, Corbet SA (1991) Bees, pollination and habitat change in the European community. Bee World 72:99–116
70
Parmesan C (1996) Climate and species’ range. Nature 382:765–766
71
Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42
72
Parmesan C, Ryrholm N, Steganescu C, Hill JK, Thomas CD, Descimon H, Huntley B, Kaila L, Kullberg J, Tammaru T, Tennent WJ, Thomas JA, Warren M (1999) Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399:579–583
73
Partap U, Partap T (2002) Warning signal from the apple valley of the HKH: productivity concerns and pollination problems. ICIMOD, Kathmandu
74
Pekkarinen A (1998) Oligolectic bee species in Northern Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entomol Fennica 8:205–214
75
Pekkarinen A, Teräs H, Wuorenrinne H (1987) Suomen myrkkypistiäislajien taantuminen ja uhanalaisuus. Luonnon Tutkija 91:124–129
76
Pollard E, Rothery P, Yates TJ (1996) Annual growth rates in newly established populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria. Ecol Entomol 21:365–369
77
Pounds JA, Fogden MPL, Campbell JH (1999) Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398:611–615
78
Price MV, Waser NM (1998) Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in a subalpine meadow. Ecology 79:1261–1271
79
Rasmont P (1988) Monographie écologique et zoogéographique des bourdons de France et de Belgique (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). PhD thesis, Faculté des Sciences Agronomique de l’Etat, Gembloux, Belgium
80
Rassi P, Alanen A, Kanerva T, Mannerkoski I (toim.) (2001) Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus 2000. –Ympäristöministeriö and Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki, 432 pp
81
Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60
82
Rosenfeld D (2000) Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution. Science 287:1793–1796
83
Rusterholz HP, Erhardt A (1998) Effects of elevated CO2 on flowering phenology and nectar production of nectar plants important for butterflies of calcareous grasslands. Oecologia 113:341–349
84
Saavedra F, Inouye DW, Price MV, Harte J (2003) Changes in flowering and abundance of Delphinium nuttallianum (Ranunculaceae) in response to a subalpine climate warming experiment. Glob Chang Biol 9:885–894
85
Sharma HK (2006) Cash crops farming in the Himalayas: the importance of pollinators and pollination in vegetable seed production in Kullu valley Of Himachal Pradesh, India. FAO. Case study submitted for Rapid Assessment of Pollinators’ Status Report. Available (http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPS/Default.htm – then go to C-CAB Group>Pollinators>Case studies on pollinators and pollination)
86
Söderman G, Leinonen R (2003) Suomen mesipistiäiset ja niiden uhanalaisuus. Tremex Press Oy, Helsinki, 420 pp
87
Sparks TH, Yates TJ (1997) The effect of spring temperature on the appearance dates of British butterflies, 1883–1993. Ecography 20:368–374
88
Stefanescu C, Pen˜uelas J, Fililla I (2003) Effects of climate change on the phenology of butterflies in the northwest Mediterranean basin. Glob Chang Biol 9:1494–1506
89
Swengel AB (1998a) Effects of management on butterfly abundance in tallgrass prairie and pine barrens. Biol Conserv 83:77–89
90
Swengel AB (1998b) Comparisons of butterfly richness and abundance measures in prairie and barrens. Biodivers Conserv 7:1639–1659
91
Tarrier M, Leestmans R (1997) Losses and acquisitions probably linked to the effects of global climatic warming on western Mediterranean lepidopteran fauna (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Linneana Belgica 16:23–36
92
Tedeschini E, Rodriguez-Rajo FJ, Caramiello R, Jato V, Frenguelli G (2006) The influence of climate changes in Platanus spp. pollination in Spain and Italy. Grana 45(3):222–229
93
Thomas CD, Jones TM (1993) Partial recovery of a skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) from population refuges: lessons for conservation in a fragmented landscape. J Anim Ecol 62: 472–481
94
Thomas CD, Lennon JJ (1999) Birds extend their range northwards. Nature 399:213
95
Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC et al (2004) Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145–148
96
Travis MJ (2003) Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:467–473
97
Turner JRG, Gatehouse CM, Corey CA (1987) Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48:195–205
98
UNEP (1993) Global biodiversity. UNEP, Nerobi University of Southampton (2000) Credit: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton
99
Visser ME, Both C (2005) Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: the need for a yardstick. Proc R Soc Lond B 272:2561–2569
100
Wall MA, Timmerman-Erskine M, Boyd RS (2003) Conservation impact of climatic variability on pollination of the federally endangered plant, Clematis socialis (Ranunculaceae). Southeast Nat 2:11–24
101
Westrich P (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Württembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart
102
Wielgolaski FE, Inouye DW (2003) Phenology of high-latitude climates. In: Schwartz MD (ed) Phenology: an integrative environmental science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 175–194
103
Williams PH (1986) Environmental change and the distributions of British bumble bees (Bombus Latr.). Bee World 67:50–61
104
Williams IH (1996) Aspects of bee diversity and crop pollination in the European Union. In: Matheson A, Buchmann SL, O’Toole C, Westrich P, Williams IH (eds) The conservation of bees, Linnaean Society symposium series 18. Academic Press, London, pp 210–226
105
Willis JK, Chambers DP, Nerem RS (2008) Assessing the globally averaged sea level budget on seasonal to interannual time scales. J Geophys Res 113:C06015. doi:10.1029/2007JC004517
106
Wilson EO (1988) The current state of biodiversity. In: Wilson EO, Peter FM (eds) Biodiversity. National Academic Press, Washington DC, pp 3–18
107
Wright DH (1983) Species-energy theory: an extension of species-area theory. Oikos 41:496–506
108
Wright DH, Currie DJ, Maurer BA (1993) Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales. In: Ricklefs RE, Schluter D (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 66–74
109